Lenses and Photography Vocabulary

 I would use a telephoto lens to... capture wildlife in action as to not disturb them in their natural habitat or for distance buildings/landscapes.

I would use a prime lens to... capture small objects and models.

I would use a wide-angle lens to... capture architecture or landscape - making sure you capture all of it. 

Depth of Field (shallow and wide) - The distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera. (allows you to get a sense of distance or being able to focus solely onto the closest object and blur the background)
 
Light (angle and intensity) - Amount of light used. (makes you think about how much light you should use before taking a photograph and how it hits your object)
 Shadows Diffusion - Amount of shadow/darkness captured in photo. (plays around with the idea you can use shadows to your advantage rather than getting rid of them)
 
Exposure - How much light is allowed to come through. (either darkens or lightens the image depending on how fast or slow your shutter closes)
 
Aperture (f-stop) - The smaller the Aperture the more blurry the background is and how the subject is more focused on. The larger the aperture the less blurry the ground becomes and subject is still focused. (you can close in on an object and focus solely on it - if you don't want the background)
 Shutter speed - Helps you capture objects moving fast in slow motion. (great help in capture fact objects that normally would be blurry upon shooting - gives you more of an opportunity to take more daring photos)
 
ISO - Captures noise in the background, the higher the ISO the more noise in the background, the smaller the ISO the less noise captured. (if you want a grain effect on your photograph or if you want to eliminate the noise)